{"id":64876,"date":"2023-03-11T08:27:41","date_gmt":"2023-03-11T08:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/?p=64876"},"modified":"2023-11-08T08:14:36","modified_gmt":"2023-11-08T08:14:36","slug":"iron-flow-battery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/es\/iron-flow-battery\/","title":{"rendered":"Introducci\u00f3n a los tipos y comparaci\u00f3n de la bater\u00eda de flujo de hierro"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"64876\" class=\"elementor elementor-64876\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-77f0e8a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77f0e8a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cb84c6a\" data-id=\"7cb84c6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5113170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-woocommerce-breadcrumb\" data-id=\"5113170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"woocommerce-breadcrumb.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"woocommerce-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">Inicio<\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b9ed818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b9ed818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction to types and comparison of iron flow battery<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d7e33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59d7e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px;\"><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/introduction-guide-of-flow-battery-features-comparison-and-faqs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flow battery<\/a><\/span><\/span> has the advantages of long cycle life, good safety, and independent control of energy and power. They have great potential in the field of large-scale energy storage. Among them, all-vanadium flow batteries have been the most widely studied.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-167e0179 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"167e0179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;.paichu_post&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__167e0179\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__167e0179\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__167e0179\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99fccaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99fccaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px;\"><p>At present, the cost of all-vanadium flow batteries is 3500-4500 RMB\/kWh, and the cost of electrolyte accounts for 60%-70% of the total cost of flow batteries, which is greatly affected by the price of vanadium, which limits its application. Therefore, exploring low-cost flow batteries is a necessary way to advance the development of this technology.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f48cb11 uael-aspect-ratio-16_9 uael-youtube-subscribe-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-video\" data-id=\"f48cb11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__outer-wrap  uael-video-type-youtube\" data-device=\"false\" data-vsticky=\"no\" data-hidedesktop=\"\" data-hidetablet=\"\" data-hidemobile=\"\" data-vsticky-viewport=\"0\" data-autoplay=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video-inner-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__play\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mu6mZZuPdpI?rel=0&amp;start&amp;end&amp;controls=1&amp;mute=0&amp;modestbranding=0&amp;autoplay=1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"uael-video__thumb\" src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/mu6mZZuPdpI\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/img>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__play-icon uael-animation-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/YouTube_play_button_icon_2013\u20132017.svg-21.webp\" alt=\"youtube play button\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84599e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84599e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px;\"><p>Professionals proposed in 2018 that iron-based electrolytes are cheap and easy to gain and lose electrons, which is an alternative technology for vanadium redox flow battery electrolytes.<\/p><p>This article mainly discusses the development history of <strong>iron flow battery<\/strong>, and reviews the research progress of different types of iron flow batteries. This article analyzes and summarizes the advantages and characteristics of iron flow battery, focuses on its application, and looks forward to its future development direction.<\/p><h2 id=\"Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery\">Performance comparison of iron flow battery<\/h2><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2477391 uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"2477391\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-2477391\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"yes\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-d2c4d66 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Flow batteries\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-17ee120 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Current density<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-18cf580 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Coulombic efficiency<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"3\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-38cd9ff uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Voltage efficiency<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e0a134a\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">unit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-18b66ee\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">(mA cm-\u00b2)\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e3aa6c0\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8ed858e\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-36492a2\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">All-vanadium<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-43cdfb3\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\t40 \/ 80\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-9512a7e\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">95.3 \/ 97.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8085680\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\t93.7 \/ 87.8\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5d3e940\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron chromium\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-15349f1\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">40 \/ 80\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-45b4336\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">90.5 \/ 94.6\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-61e962e\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">93.3 \/ 87.0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e0451b4\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Zinc iron\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-57ab7f7\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">40 \/ 80\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-ed60484\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">97.8 \/ 99.9\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8a15035\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">88.7 \/ 76.0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"5\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4bc3614\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron vanadium<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6f26a19\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\t40 \/ 80<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-cf0235e\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\t85.0 \/ 92.3\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-23e53fc\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">85.0 \/ 71.0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"6\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-2367449\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron titanium\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8aa0a4b\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">20\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-01c488c\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-d715947\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"7\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-bf70c63\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">All iron\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-19ba434\" data-title=\"Current density\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">40 \/ 60\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-7577a4c\" data-title=\"Coulombic efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">93.0 \/ \uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-fa64a35\" data-title=\"Voltage efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">78.0 \/ \uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bd73a5 uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"7bd73a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-7bd73a5\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"yes\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-d2c4d66 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Flow batteries\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-17ee120 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Energy efficiency<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-18cf580 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Capacity fading rate<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"3\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-38cd9ff uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Cost<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e0a134a\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">unit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-18b66ee\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">%\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e3aa6c0\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8ed858e\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">(USD\u00b7kWh-\u00b9)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-36492a2\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">All-vanadium<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-43cdfb3\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">89.4 \/ 85.4\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-9512a7e\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.30 \/ \uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8085680\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">447<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-5d3e940\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron chromium\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-15349f1\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">84.4 \/ 82.2\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-45b4336\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">1.20 \/ \uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-61e962e\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">194<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-e0451b4\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Zinc iron\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-57ab7f7\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">86.7 \/74.0\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-ed60484\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.13 \/ \uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8a15035\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">100<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"5\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-4bc3614\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron vanadium<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-6f26a19\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">70.0 \/ 65.0\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-cf0235e\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0.16 \/ \uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-23e53fc\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"6\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-2367449\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Iron titanium\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-8aa0a4b\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">44.0-50.0\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-01c488c\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-d715947\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"7\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-bf70c63\" data-title=\"Flow batteries\t\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">All iron\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-19ba434\" data-title=\"Energy efficiency\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">73.0 \/ 11.0-44.0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-7577a4c\" data-title=\"Capacity fading rate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-fa64a35\" data-title=\"Cost\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">\uff0d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5365a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c5365a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px;\"><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64937\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery.webp\" alt=\"Performance comparison of iron flow battery\" width=\"1000\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Performance-comparison-of-iron-flow-battery-600x300.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p><p>As can be seen from the above table, iron flow battery has obvious cost advantages. The energy efficiency of iron-chromium flow battery and zinc iron flow battery is closest to that of all-vanadium flow battery, but the capacity decay rate of iron-chromium flow battery is higher, and the energy efficiency of zinc-iron flow battery drops significantly at high current density.<\/p><p>The performance of iron-vanadium, iron-titanium and all-iron flow batteries is far behind that of all-vanadium redox flow batteries.<\/p><h2 id=\"Types-of-iron-flow-battery\">Types of iron flow battery<\/h2><h3 id=\"Iron-chrome-flow-battery\">Iron chrome flow battery<\/h3><p>In the 1970s, the research on iron-chromium flow battery was carried out, which is the earliest flow battery system and the most researched and demonstrated iron flow battery.<\/p><p>The battery uses Fe2+\/Fe3+ as the cathode and Cr3+\/Cr2+ as the anode. Its advantage is that the cost of the active material is low, but the slow electrochemical reaction kinetics of the anode and the side reaction of hydrogen evolution affect its performance.<\/p><p>For iron-chromium flow batteries, research on key materials such as electrodes and electrolytes should be focused on to solve the problems of slow reaction kinetics and hydrogen evolution at the anode, so as to improve the performance of flow batteries. In addition, for the application requirements of large-scale energy storage, the research on stack design and system integration of iron-chromium flow battery should be promoted.<\/p><h3 id=\"Zinc-iron-flow-battery\">Zinc iron flow battery<\/h3><p>In 1979, researchers proposed an alkaline zinc iron flow battery with Fe(CN)63-\/Fe(CN)64-, Zn2+\/Zn as electrode pairs, and the energy efficiency reached 74%.<\/p><p>However, the zinc anode of this system is prone to generate irregular zinc dendrites, which grow continuously during the cycle, and eventually pierce the battery membrane, causing a short circuit of the battery, which seriously affects the cycle life and reliability of the battery.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64938\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Zinc-iron-flow-battery.webp\" alt=\"Zinc iron flow battery\" width=\"1000\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Zinc-iron-flow-battery.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Zinc-iron-flow-battery-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Zinc-iron-flow-battery-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Zinc-iron-flow-battery-600x300.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p><p>In response to the above problems, the researchers focused on the study of negatively charged separators. Compared with the all-vanadium flow battery, the zinc iron flow battery has obvious cost advantages, and the battery has the potential for industrial application.<\/p><h3 id=\"Iron-titanium-flow-battery\">Iron-titanium flow battery<\/h3><p>In addition to iron-chromium flow batteries, experts have also discussed low-cost iron-titanium flow battery systems with Fe2+\/Fe3+ as cathode and Ti3+\/Ti2+ as anode.<\/p><p>Iron-titanium flow batteries are limited by the slower electrochemical reaction kinetics of the anode and lower energy efficiency, which does not have advantages compared with other flow battery systems. Therefore, the research on iron-titanium flow batteries was mostly concentrated in the 1980s, and there were few related reports after that.<\/p><h3 id=\"Iron-vanadium-flow-battery\">Iron vanadium flow battery<\/h3><p>In order to combine the advantages of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/vanadium-redox-flow-battery-industry-report-wide-space-for-ldes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vanadium redox flow battery<\/a><\/span><\/span> and iron-chromium flow batteries, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory of the United States proposed a flow battery with V2+\/V3+ as the anode and Fe2+\/Fe3+ as the cathode. Compared with Fe-Cr flow batteries, the V3+\/V2+ of the anode is more electrochemically active than Cr3+\/Cr2+, avoiding the use of expensive catalysts.<\/p><p>Compared with all-vanadium redox flow batteries, the cathode electrolyte avoids the use of highly oxidative V5+, and the expensive Nafion membrane can be replaced by a hydrocarbon-based ion exchange membrane, which significantly reduces the cost of the flow battery system.<\/p><p>The development of iron-vanadium redox flow battery aims to combine the advantages of all-vanadium redox flow battery and iron-chromium redox flow battery. However, since the anode uses vanadium as the active material, its cost is still limited by the price of vanadium, and the problem of electrolyte cross-contamination has not been solved. Therefore, there are not many studies on iron-vanadium redox flow batteries in recent years.<\/p><h3 id=\"All-iron-flow-battery\">All iron flow battery<\/h3><p>The all iron flow battery was proposed in 1981. Its cathode and anode active materials are iron-containing compounds of different valence states, which solves the problem of electrolyte interconnection. In recent years, all iron flow battery has attracted extensive attention from researchers due to their cost advantages, focusing on the following issues:<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64939\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/All-iron-flow-battery.webp\" alt=\"All iron flow battery\" width=\"1000\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/All-iron-flow-battery.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/All-iron-flow-battery-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/All-iron-flow-battery-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/All-iron-flow-battery-600x300.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p><ul><li>Because solid iron participates in the electrode reaction, energy and power are not completely separated;<\/li><li>The deposition of iron on the anode leads to the formation of dendrites;<\/li><li>The potential of the anode is lower than the potential of the standard electrode, resulting in the side reaction of hydrogen evolution.<\/li><\/ul><p>Facing the development needs of the large-scale energy storage field and the high cost of the traditional all-vanadium redox flow battery, the development of the iron flow battery provides a more economical choice for large-scale energy storage.<\/p><h2 id=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2><p>From the original iron-chromium flow battery to the continuous development of the all iron flow battery, the iron flow battery has attracted more and more researchers&#8217; attention. Many <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.takomabattery.com\/top-10-flow-battery-companies-in-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flow battery companies in the world<\/a><\/span><\/span> have carried out demonstration applications of iron-chromium flow batteries and zinc iron flow battery, and all iron flow battery are one of the most important development directions in the future.<\/p><p>In the period of rapid development of iron flow battery, it is still necessary to further strengthen the research and development of key materials, improve the kinetics of electrode reactions, and solve the problem of hydrogen evolution at the anode. 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