A complete introduction to types of battery in secondary battery
However, most batteries contain toxic substances. Therefore, the ecological impact of battery disposal must be considered. This article will introduce different types of battery in secondary batteries, including:
● Lead acid
● Nickel base
● Zinc halogen
● Metal air base
● Sodium- β
● lithium
Lead acid battery
Lead acid batteries have been used as commercial energy since 1860. The types of battery uses Pb as the negative electrode, PbO2 as the positive electrode, and H2SO4 as the electrolyte.
The current research mainly focuses on reducing the size and weight of batteries and maintaining high energy density through advanced VR lead-acid battery materials. The types of battery in ordinary VR lead-acid batteries include glass fiber batteries (AGM) and GEL batteries.
AGM battery is composed of electrolyte containing glass fiber, which is a solid material that can absorb and contain acid without leakage. These types of batteries are compact, take up less space, and have higher vibration resistance than standard batteries. GEL battery is made of gelled electrolyte, which is in incomplete solid electrolyte form and can contain acid without leakage.
Nickel based battery
Nickel hydroxide is used as positive and negative materials in nickel based batteries. This types of battery can be divided into:
● Nickel iron
● Nickel cadmium
● Nickel zinc
● Nickel hydrogen
● Ni-H2 [3,14,30,45,62]
Generally, in nickel based batteries, the active material nickel hydroxide is used as the positive electrode, potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte, and metal Fe/Cd/Zn, MH or H2 as the negative electrode.
Zinc halide battery
The types of battery in Zinc halide batteries include Zn-Cl2 and Zn-Br2, which are feasible in EV energy storage. In 1970, Zn-Cl2 was developed for electric vehicles and static energy storage. The energy density of Zn-CL2 is about 90Wh/L, and the power density is about 60W/kg.
Zn Br2 battery is suitable for EV energy storage. Its energy density is 70 Wh/kg, with fast charging capacity and low material cost. In the types of battery, energy is stored and released through the electrochemical reaction of a system composed of Zn and Br, which is composed of the following parts:
● Zinc
● Bromine
● Zinc bromide aqueous solution electrolyte
● Electrolyte storage device
● Membrane of microporous plastic
In the Zn-Br2 battery system, the electrolyte of zinc bromide solution is circulated between the two electrodes through a pump. During charging, zinc is deposited on the negative electrode and bromine is deposited on the positive electrode; During discharge, zinc ions and bromine ions are formed on their respective electrodes.
Metal air battery
The metal electrode acts as the anode, and oxygen is supplied from the inexhaustible air as the cathode. In metal air batteries, lithium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and zinc are used as anode metals.
Among these elements, lithium air battery is the most promising one for EV application. Because its theoretical energy density is very high, 11.14kWh/kg. Regardless of air, the specific energy of this types of battery is more than 100 times that of other types of batteries. However, the fire risk of this type of battery is very high. Air containing water vapor may cause fire.
Among the types of battery, calcium air battery has high energy density, but its capacity decays very quickly and is expensive. In general, the magnesium air battery has a high specific energy of 700Wh kg. It is designed to replace Mg with Mg alloy and be used on submarine vehicles. Electrochemical rechargeable iron air battery has low specific energy of 75Wh/kg and lower cost compared with other metal air batteries.
Aluminum air battery has high specific energy, terminal voltage, and ampere hour capacity. However, these advantages of this types of battery are reduced due to water consumption during discharge. Aluminum oxide (Al-O2) battery can also be used in other forms. With the help of Al-O2, hydrogen FC battery has almost double the specific energy.
Zinc air battery is technically feasible. The types of battery has a variety of FC and conventional battery characteristics, and can be electrically and mechanically charged. During discharge, the zinc electrode is oxidized by releasing electrons, and the air electrode generates hydroxyl ions. During battery charging, zinc is deposited on the zinc electrode, and oxygen is released into the air electrode.
In general, metal air batteries provide a choice for rechargeable energy storage applications because of their low material cost and high performance.
Sodium-β battery
Sodium is a very attractive material for battery anode. Depending on the cathode material, the types of battery in sodium- β batteries are classified as sodium sulfur and sodium metal halide batteries respectively. The Na-S battery has high temperature characteristics and operates at 300-350 ℃.
However, this types of battery has high internal resistance and strong Na corrosivity. Sodium halide battery technology has been applied to electric vehicles since the 1990s, and their battery voltage is higher than that of Na-S batteries.
Lithium battery
Due to its high energy density, specific energy and specific power, this types of battery is considered as the most promising and the for energy storage. In addition, lithium batteries have no memory and no harmful substances, such as mercury and lead. This types of batteries are considered as the best rechargeable batteries at present.
Lithium batteries are designed into different types of battery for high temperature applications. Lithium sulfur battery has the highest energy capacity among all lithium batteries, but requires thermal management.
The operating temperature range of lithium sulfur battery is 375-500 ℃. High temperature lithium sulfur battery uses lithium aluminum alloy as anode, iron sulfide as cathode, and molten lithium chloride potassium chloride as electrolyte and diaphragm. In these batteries, lithium Al alloy is used to control the activity of lithium, and iron sulfide is used to prevent corrosion of iron.
According to the different cathode materials, the types of battery in lithium ion batteries are divided into:
● Lithium manganate (LiMn2O4)
● Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)
● Nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)
● Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)
● Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12)
Conclusion
By comparison, among all types of battery, lithium ion batteries have obvious advantages in specific energy and specific power among large-scale commercial batteries. In addition, the development of low-cost lithium battery materials and battery management systems has made progress in reducing manufacturing costs, which will contribute to the further application of lithium batteries.
Besides, other types of battery including advanced lead-acid, nickel cadmium, nickel hydrogen, NIH2, zinc air, sodium S, and NA NiCl2 batteries with distinctive characteristics have also been applied in the market.
